Biological processes constitute the core of most wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) dealing with the treatment of industrial effluents. However, the presence of toxic/recalcitrant pollutants challenges the treatment capacity of these facilities. In this lecture, case studies showing strategies to efficiently treat industrial wastewaters will be presented. Also, several schemes for achieving resources recovery (e.g. clean water, energy, nutrients, microelements) from WWTP will be discussed. Future research directions will be emphasized during the lecture.